HDL functionality.

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Science
• Biochemistry
• Metabolic Research

Background:

• High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is inversely linked to cardiovascular disease.
• HDL possesses a broad spectrum of functions across multiple physiological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review HDL functionality.
• To examine HDL's role in atherosclerosis.
• To identify factors influencing HDL functions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of current research on HDL functionality.
• Analysis of studies investigating HDL's role in cholesterol efflux and atherosclerosis.
• Examination of factors affecting HDL's diverse biological activities.

Main Results:

• HDL's contribution to reverse cholesterol transport might be less significant than previously thought, but it remains vital for cholesterol efflux.
• HDL's capacity for cellular cholesterol efflux correlates more strongly with carotid intima-media thickness than HDL cholesterol levels.
• Emerging research highlights numerous other HDL functions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, alongside roles in glucose homeostasis and diabetes.

Conclusions:

• HDL exhibits a wide array of functions, many independent of cholesterol content.
• The functional capabilities of HDL are primarily determined by its apolipoproteins, proteins, and phospholipids.
• Genetic, physiological, and pathological factors significantly influence HDL functions.