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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Basic Three-Dimensional (3D) Intestinal Model System with an Immune Component
07:39

Basic Three-Dimensional (3D) Intestinal Model System with an Immune Component

Published on: September 1, 2023

Celiac disease: quantity matters.

Frits Koning1

  • 1Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. F.Koning@lumc.nl

Seminars in Immunopathology
|June 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Celiac disease (CD) involves immune reactions to gluten proteins. A new model explains how gluten peptides, modified by tissue transglutaminase (TG2), trigger varied immune responses and symptoms in CD patients.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Wheat Genetics

Background:

  • Celiac disease (CD) results from immune overreactions to gluten in wheat and cereals.
  • Gluten proteins (gliadin, glutenin) contain immunogenic peptides.
  • Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) modifies gluten peptides, increasing their binding to HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8 molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a model linking gluten peptide modification, immune responses, and the variable clinical spectrum of CD.
  • To explore the feasibility of modifying wheat/gluten for CD patient consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing knowledge on gluten immunogenicity and CD pathogenesis.
  • Development of a theoretical model integrating genetic predisposition (HLA-DQ genotype) and environmental triggers (gluten peptides).

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis
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Important Endpoints and Proliferative Markers to Assess Small Intestinal Injury and Adaptation using a Mouse Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis

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Main Results:

  • Gluten peptides, modified by TG2, bind strongly to HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8, inducing CD4 T cell responses central to CD.
  • The diversity of immunogenic peptides in gluten contributes to polyclonal T cell responses observed in CD patients.
  • The model integrates these factors to explain the wide range of CD symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model provides a framework for understanding CD variability.
  • Further research into altering wheat and gluten may offer therapeutic strategies for celiac disease.