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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Induction of Protein Deletion Through In Utero Electroporation to Define Deficits in Neuronal Migration in Transgenic Models

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Published on: January 12, 2015

Neurog2 simultaneously activates and represses alternative gene expression programs in the developing neocortex.

Christopher Kovach¹, Rajiv Dixit, Saiqun Li

¹University of Calgary, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Health Sciences Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|June 28, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Neurog2 acts as a master switch in the developing neocortex, activating specific genes while repressing others. This precise control ensures proper neuronal identity and prevents ventral fates during brain development.

Keywords:

Neurog2 proneural gene binary fate choice genetic off-switch neocortical development transcriptional activator or repressor

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Cellular identity transitions are crucial for development, involving coordinated gene activation and repression.
The proneural gene Neurog2 plays a key role in neocortical development, but its precise regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the proneural gene Neurog2 simultaneously activates and represses gene expression programs during neocortical development.
To identify specific transcriptional targets and pathways regulated by Neurog2 that dictate neuronal identity.

Main Methods:

Comparison of wild-type Neurog2 with its transcriptional activator (Neurog2-VP16) and repressor (Neurog2-EnR) fusions.
Analysis of gene expression changes, including Pax6, Tbr2, Ebf1, Etv1, and Ascl1, in response to Neurog2 activity.
Investigating direct and indirect regulatory relationships between Neurog2 and its targets.

Main Results:

Neurog2 activates Pax6 repression and Tbr2 initiation in progenitor cells.
Neurog2 promotes dorsal (neocortical) neuronal identity and represses ventral fates.
Tbr2 directly represses the ventral gene Ebf1, and Neurog2 indirectly regulates Etv1 and Ascl1 to block ventral identity.

Conclusions:

Neurog2 employs multiple, distinct transcriptional off-switches to ensure specificity during neocortical development.
This study reveals a sophisticated mechanism by which Neurog2 prevents inappropriate gene expression and establishes correct neuronal identity.