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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Updated: May 21, 2026

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans
11:30

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Published on: December 22, 2012

A dynamical feedback model for adaptation in the olfactory transduction pathway.

Giovanna De Palo1, Anna Boccaccio, Andrew Miri

  • 1International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste, Italy.

Biophysical Journal
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory transduction adaptation, including multipulse and step types, is explained by a new dynamical model. This model uses distinct time constants for calcium ion kinetics and feedback mechanisms to describe adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Olfactory transduction involves complex adaptation mechanisms.
  • Two distinct adaptation types, multipulse and step, have been observed.
  • Existing models do not fully explain these adaptation phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To formulate a dynamical model of olfactory transduction.
  • To provide a unified explanation for multipulse and step adaptation.
  • To validate the model using experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dynamical model for olfactory transduction.
  • Inclusion of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel kinetics.
  • Modeling of calcium ion (Ca²⁺) concentration and feedback regulation.

Main Results:

  • A common dynamical explanation for both adaptation types was proposed.
  • Model successfully describes adaptation using differential time constants for Ca²⁺ kinetics and feedback.
  • Model validation against experimental data from various species and techniques.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed dynamical model offers a unified framework for understanding olfactory adaptation.
  • Differential kinetics of calcium ions and feedback mechanisms are crucial for adaptation.
  • The model provides a robust explanation for experimental observations in olfactory transduction.