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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

[Perioperative blood glucose control].

Yan-bing Zhou1, Han-cheng Liu

  • 1Department of General Surgery, Qingdao University Medical College Hospital, Qingdao, China. zhouyanbing999@yahoo.com.cn

Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hyperglycemia poses risks during surgery, especially for diabetic patients. While perioperative blood sugar control is vital, the optimal level and benefits of tight glycemic control require further clinical investigation.

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Surgical Tips and Tricks for Performing Porcine Pancreas Transplantation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Medicine
  • Metabolic Disorders

Context:

  • Hyperglycemia significantly increases surgical mortality and morbidity, particularly in diabetic patients.
  • Surgical stress can exacerbate hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, leading to adverse outcomes.
  • Perioperative blood glucose levels are influenced by metabolic state, anesthesia, glucose infusion, and neuroendocrine responses.

Purpose:

  • To review the impact of perioperative hyperglycemia on surgical outcomes.
  • To discuss factors affecting perioperative blood glucose control.
  • To evaluate the current understanding and evidence regarding tight glycemic control in surgical patients.

Summary:

  • Perioperative hyperglycemia is linked to poor clinical outcomes, with diabetic patients facing increased risks.
  • Factors such as patient metabolism, anesthesia, and stress responses influence blood glucose levels during surgery.
  • The ideal target for perioperative glycemic control remains unclear, though levels below 10 mmol/L are generally considered.
  • Further multi-center clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of tight glycemic control.

Impact:

  • Highlights the critical need for effective blood glucose management in surgical settings.
  • Underscores the gap in evidence regarding optimal glycemic targets to improve patient outcomes.
  • Emphasizes the necessity for future research to guide clinical practice in perioperative glycemic control.