Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The structure of correlated variability reflects task-relevant information in sensory neurons.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Homeostatic Plasticity Enables Stable yet Tunable Neuronal Assemblies.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Viloxazine occupies the 5-HT2C receptor in the macaca fascicularis brain in vivo: A [11C]CIMBI-36 positron emission tomography study.

The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Dynamic network reconfigurations during task engagement following resting state in adolescent onset schizophrenia.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Viloxazine Extended Release in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Depression and/or Anxiety Symptoms: Results From a Decentralized, Open-Label, Phase 4 Trial.

The Journal of clinical psychiatry·2026
Same author

Updated Viloxazine Pharmacology: Experiments Establish Norepinephrine Transporter Occupancy and Serotonin 5-HT<sub>2C</sub>, 5-HT<sub>2B</sub>, and 5-HT<sub>7</sub> Receptor Binding at Therapeutically Relevant Concentrations.

Drugs in R&D·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System
09:51

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Published on: January 1, 2018

Short term synaptic depression imposes a frequency dependent filter on synaptic information transfer.

Robert Rosenbaum1, Jonathan Rubin, Brent Doiron

  • 1Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. robertr@pitt.edu

Plos Computational Biology
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Synaptic short-term depression, caused by neurotransmitter vesicle depletion, impacts neural information filtering. Stochastic vesicle dynamics significantly alter how synapses process information, especially at lower frequencies.

More Related Videos

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy
11:02

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

Published on: January 4, 2010

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
09:09

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System
09:51

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Published on: January 1, 2018

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy
11:02

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

Published on: January 4, 2010

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function
09:09

Electrophysiological Investigations of Retinogeniculate and Corticogeniculate Synapse Function

Published on: August 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Synaptic short-term depression (STD) is a fundamental mechanism affecting synaptic plasticity and information processing in the nervous system.
  • Current models often use deterministic approaches, overlooking the probabilistic nature of neurotransmitter vesicle release and recovery, which introduces variability.
  • This variability is crucial for understanding how synapses filter presynaptic spike trains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of stochastic vesicle dynamics on synaptic information filtering.
  • To compare the information transfer properties of synapse models with and without stochasticity.
  • To determine if stochastic effects on information flow are significant even in networks with multiple synaptic contacts.

Main Methods:

  • Development and analysis of two synapse models: one deterministic and one incorporating stochastic vesicle release and recovery.
  • Simulation of presynaptic spike trains to assess synaptic responses.
  • Quantification of information transfer across different frequency ranges for both models.

Main Results:

  • A synapse model with stochastic vesicle dynamics exhibits frequency-dependent information suppression, particularly at lower frequencies.
  • Deterministic models, conversely, transfer information equally well across all frequencies.
  • The observed differences in information filtering between stochastic and deterministic models persist even with a large number of synaptic contacts.

Conclusions:

  • Stochasticity in neurotransmitter vesicle dynamics plays a critical role in synaptic information processing.
  • Accurate analysis of information flow across synapses necessitates the inclusion of probabilistic vesicle release and recovery mechanisms.
  • Understanding synaptic filtering requires models that capture the inherent variability of neural transmission.