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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same frequency...

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Tuned with a Tune: Talker Normalization via General Auditory Processes.

Erika J C Laing1, Ran Liu, Andrew J Lotto

  • 1Brain Mapping Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Listeners normalize speech perception using auditory cues, not just talker identity. The long-term average spectrum (LTAS) of speech influences perception, especially when LTAS differences match relevant acoustic cues for speech sounds.

Keywords:
auditory perceptionspeech perceptiontalker normalization

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Perception
  • Speech Processing
  • Psychoacoustics

Background:

  • Voices possess unique acoustic signatures, creating variability in speech perception.
  • Talker normalization is proposed to aid listeners in understanding speech despite acoustic variations.
  • Previous theories focused on articulatory referents, but recent work highlights auditory referents like the long-term average spectrum (LTAS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between articulatory/linguistic and auditory referents in context-driven talker normalization.
  • To identify specific constraints influencing how context impacts speech perception.
  • To investigate the role of LTAS in perceptual talker normalization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized sentences were manipulated to mimic different talkers.
  • Speech categorization of a target was measured following various auditory contexts.
  • Contexts included spoken sentences and non-speech tone sequences matched for LTAS.

Main Results:

  • Talker normalization effects occurred only when LTAS differences were within the frequency range of target phonemic cues.
  • This effect was observed for both spoken and non-speech LTAS-matched contexts.
  • Specific LTAS characteristics, not perceived talker identity, predicted the observed normalization effects.

Conclusions:

  • General auditory mechanisms, particularly LTAS, play a significant role in perceptual talker normalization.
  • Auditory referents are crucial for adapting speech perception to talker variability.
  • The frequency characteristics of LTAS are key constraints for context-driven normalization.