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Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Published on: February 5, 2012

Rediscovering the chick embryo as a model to study retinal development.

M Natalia Vergara¹, M Valeria Canto-Soler

¹Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-9257, USA.

Neural Development

|June 29, 2012

Summary

The embryonic chick is a powerful model for studying neural development, especially eye development. New genetic tools enable precise gene manipulation for advanced functional analysis in this classic vertebrate system.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

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Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Published on: November 2, 2015

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

The embryonic chick has been a key vertebrate model for over 2000 years due to its rapid development and accessibility.
Historically, the lack of genetic manipulation techniques limited its use in molecular studies.
Advancements in the chicken genome project and gene expression manipulation have revitalized its role in modern research.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of the embryonic chick as a developmental model.
To highlight its specific applications in studying eye development.
To detail the current state of genetic manipulation techniques for functional studies.

Main Methods:

Utilizing the embryonic chick model for developmental studies.
Applying advanced genetic techniques for gene gain- and loss-of-function studies.
Combining traditional embryological manipulations with molecular approaches.

Main Results:

The embryonic chick now offers a unique toolkit for studying the genetic basis of neural development.
High spatiotemporal resolution in targeted gene misexpression allows for rapid functional analysis.
The model is particularly effective for detailed investigation of eye development.

Conclusions:

The embryonic chick is a highly effective model for molecular developmental biology, especially for neural and eye development.
Current genetic and embryological techniques provide unprecedented capabilities for functional genomics.
Methodological insights are shared to aid researchers using this versatile system.