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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor

Published on: May 7, 2021

Neutron features at the UPM neutronics hall.

Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo1, Eduardo Gallego, Alfredo Lorente

  • 1Unidad Academica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, Apdo. Postal 336, Zacatecas, Zac 98000, Mexico. fermineutron@yahoo.com

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|June 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Neutron spectra and dose rates were measured and simulated in a university neutronics hall. Monte Carlo simulations showed good agreement with experimental results for characterizing the space.

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Neutron Radiography and Computed Tomography of Biological Systems at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's High Flux Isotope Reactor
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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Radiation Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Characterization of neutronics facilities is crucial for accurate radiation safety assessments.
  • The neutronics hall at the Polytechnical University of Madrid required detailed characterization.
  • Am-241 Be neutron sources are commonly used for calibration and research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the neutronics hall at the Polytechnical University of Madrid.
  • To measure neutron spectra and ambient dose equivalent.
  • To validate Monte Carlo simulation methods for this specific facility.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of neutron spectra and ambient dose equivalent using an Am-241 Be source.
  • Development of a detailed Monte Carlo model of the neutronics hall.
  • Comparison of simulated and measured radiation fields at various distances.

Main Results:

  • Neutron spectra and ambient dose equivalent were successfully measured.
  • A validated Monte Carlo model of the neutronics hall was created.
  • Calculated values showed good agreement with experimental measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The neutronics hall's radiation environment was accurately characterized.
  • Monte Carlo simulations are a reliable tool for modeling neutronics facilities.
  • The study provides valuable data for radiation safety and experimental planning.