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Related Concept Videos

Robbers Cave04:49

Robbers Cave

During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension could be...
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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Updated: May 21, 2026

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior
06:48

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Published on: January 19, 2019

Hostile intent in public crowded spaces: a field study.

Peter Eachus1, Alex Stedmon, Les Baillie

  • 1School of Social Work, Psychology and Public Health, Allerton Building, Frederick Road Campus, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester M6 6PU, UK. p.eachus@salford.ac.uk

Applied Ergonomics
|June 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Stressed individuals engaged in hostile reconnaissance may secrete a volatile steroid marker detectable remotely. This research offers a validated model for detecting or deterring hostile intent.

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Psychology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hostile reconnaissance is crucial for terrorist operations.
  • Individuals performing reconnaissance experience significant stress.
  • Stress impacts biological, physiological, psychological, and behavioral aspects, offering detection opportunities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate biological markers of stress during hostile reconnaissance.
  • To develop a validated model for detecting hostile intent.
  • To identify potential methods for remote detection of hostile reconnaissance.

Main Methods:

  • A field trial was conducted in an ecologically valid setting.
  • Key variables associated with hostile intent were measured.
  • Biological, physiological, psychological, and behavioral data were collected.

Main Results:

  • Measured parameters varied predictably.
  • Evidence suggests stressed individuals secrete a volatile steroid-based marker.
  • This marker shows potential for remote detection.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a validated model of hostile intent.
  • The identified steroid marker could enable remote detection of reconnaissance activities.
  • Findings can inform the development of interventions for detecting or deterring hostile intent.