Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...
Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
Dehydration occurs when the body loses fluids (particularly water).
Causes:
The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction01:29

Diabetes Insipidus I: Introduction

Definition Diabetes insipidus is a disorder marked by the production of large amounts of dilute urine because of impaired vasopressin production, release, or kidney response. The lack of effective vasopressin action limits water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts, which leads to excessive urinary water loss and intense thirst.Clinical PresentationIndividuals with diabetes insipidus report persistent thirst and very high urine output. In severe cases, fluid intake can reach up to 20...
Regulation of Water Intake01:25

Regulation of Water Intake

Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Helicobacter pylori infection and liver function alterations in individuals undergoing gastric cancer screening: a cohort study.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Can one use serum Lactate Concentration to Correct for the Anion gap?

Journal of intensive care medicine·2026
Same author

Classifying Hyponatremias According to Tonicity Disorder: Hypotonic Hyponatremia, Hypertonic Hyponatremia, and Pseudohyponatremia as Distinct Entities.

Cureus·2025
Same author

A rare case of primary hydatid cyst of the adrenal gland: Case report and review of the literature.

International journal of surgery case reports·2025
Same author

Phase 2a Study of Baxdrostat in Primary Aldosteronism.

The New England journal of medicine·2025
Same author

Forum of ESRD Networks: 50 Years of Collaboration, Innovation, and Education to Promote Equitable and Optimal Kidney-Patient Centered Care.

Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito
11:30

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Published on: August 24, 2021

Understanding hypernatremia.

Ramin Sam1, Iraj Feizi

  • 1Division of Nephrology, San Francisco General Hospital, CA 94110-1341, USA. samr@medsfgh.ucsf.edu

American Journal of Nephrology
|June 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypernatremia, a common hospital condition, arises from impaired water intake, urine concentration issues, and fluid loss. Understanding water and sodium balance simplifies its diagnosis and management for clinicians.

More Related Videos

Nasal Potential Difference to Quantify Trans-epithelial Ion Transport in Mice
08:55

Nasal Potential Difference to Quantify Trans-epithelial Ion Transport in Mice

Published on: July 4, 2018

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions
07:21

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Published on: June 6, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito
11:30

Studying the Activity of Neuropeptides and Other Regulators of the Excretory System in the Adult Mosquito

Published on: August 24, 2021

Nasal Potential Difference to Quantify Trans-epithelial Ion Transport in Mice
08:55

Nasal Potential Difference to Quantify Trans-epithelial Ion Transport in Mice

Published on: July 4, 2018

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions
07:21

Separation and Differential Characterization of Gut Microbial Extracellular Vesicles in Salt-Sensitive Rats under High-Salt Diet Conditions

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Hypernatremia presents diagnostic challenges for many clinicians.
  • A fundamental understanding of water and sodium balance is key to deciphering hypernatremia.
  • Sodium disorders, including hypernatremia, are reviewed herein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the basic pathophysiological abnormalities underlying sodium disorders.
  • To provide case examples to illustrate the development of hypernatremia.
  • To simplify the understanding and management of hypernatremia for clinicians.

Main Methods:

  • Review of basic pathophysiological mechanisms of sodium disorders.
  • Inclusion of case examples for practical illustration.
  • Focus on water and sodium balance principles.

Main Results:

  • Hypernatremia frequently develops in hospital settings, particularly in intensive care units.
  • Key contributing factors include impaired water intake, reduced urine concentrating ability (often due to kidney failure), osmotic diuresis (high serum urea), and significant fluid losses (urine or stool).

Conclusions:

  • Basic principles of water and sodium balance are essential for understanding hypernatremia.
  • Identifying the underlying causes of impaired water balance is crucial for effective management.
  • Hypernatremia management can be simplified with a clear grasp of its pathophysiology.