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Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Antibody Structure

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Molecular approaches to allergen standardization.

Martin D Chapman¹, Peter Briza

¹Indoor Biotechnologies Inc, 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. mdc@inbio.com

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports

|June 29, 2012

Summary

Molecular standardization of allergens, using purified standards and immunoassays, is crucial for accurate allergy diagnostics and therapeutics. Mass spectrometry further enhances allergen analysis, improving treatment for allergic patients.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

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A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

A Component-resolved Diagnostic Approach for a Study on Grass Pollen Allergens in Chinese Southerners with Allergic Rhinitis and/or Asthma

Published on: June 4, 2017

Area of Science:

Allergen research and standardization
Proteomics and analytical chemistry

Background:

Current allergen standardization relies on purified natural or recombinant allergen standards.
Validated immunoassays are essential for accurate allergen measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore molecular approaches for allergen standardization.
To investigate the role of mass spectrometry in allergen analysis.

Main Methods:

Development and validation of purified allergen standards.
Utilization of certified immunoassays for allergen quantification.
Application of mass spectrometry for allergen identification and measurement in complex mixtures.

Main Results:

Purified allergens, individually or in standards, require validation through multicenter studies.
Mass spectrometry effectively identifies and quantifies specific allergens in pollen extracts.
Mass spectrometry provides precise data on natural allergen extract variability.

Conclusions:

Combined immunoassays and mass spectrometry promise complete standardization of allergenic products.
Molecular standardization will advance allergy diagnostics, therapeutics, and exposure assessment.
Improved standardization will enhance treatment quality for allergic individuals.