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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
PN can be administered through two primary routes:
1. Central Parenteral Nutrition (CPN):
CPN involves delivering a high concentration of nutrients through a large vein. This is typically achieved using a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) or,...

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Parental presence during pediatric anesthesia induction.

Susan M Scully¹

¹The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

|June 30, 2012

Summary

Parental presence during anesthesia induction is less effective at reducing child anxiety than other methods. This review of six studies suggests alternative strategies may be more beneficial for pediatric surgical patients.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Anesthesiology
Child Psychology
Surgical Care

Background:

Pre-anesthetic anxiety is common in children undergoing surgery.
Effective anxiety reduction strategies are crucial for pediatric patient well-being.
Parental presence is a commonly considered intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and synthesize evidence on the efficacy of parental presence during anesthesia induction.
To compare parental presence with other anxiety-reducing interventions.
To identify the most effective methods for mitigating pre-anesthetic anxiety in children.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of six research studies.
Comparison of interventions including midazolam premedication, behavioral distraction, and parental presence.

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Analysis of anxiety levels in pediatric patients during anesthesia induction.

Main Results:

Parental presence alone demonstrated the least effectiveness in reducing pediatric anxiety during anesthesia induction.
Midazolam and behavioral distraction were found to be more effective than parental presence.
The reviewed studies collectively suggest a hierarchy of intervention effectiveness.

Conclusions:

Parental presence is not the most effective strategy for reducing pre-anesthetic anxiety in children.
Healthcare providers should consider alternative methods like midazolam or behavioral distraction for better anxiety management.
Further research may explore combined strategies for optimal pediatric anxiety control during anesthesia.