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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

Spinal Nerves: Plexus II

The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
The Lumbar Plexus
The lumbar plexus is situated within the lumbar region of the back and is primarily formed by the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1 to L4). This plexus extends its branches into several nerves, including the...

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

Sites for measuring blood pressure

Sites for measuring blood pressure

Blood pressure measurement is a fundamental clinical procedure, providing crucial data for assessing cardiovascular health. Among the various sites for this measurement, the brachial and popliteal arteries are predominantly utilized due to their accessibility and the reliability of their readings. This lesson delves into the anatomical significance, methodology, and considerations of measuring blood pressure at these locations.
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

Published on: March 27, 2026

Shoulder pain and isolated brachial plexopathy.

Amar U Kishan¹, Sana Syed, Franchesca Fiorito-Torres

¹Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. aukishan@gmail.com

BMJ Case Reports

|June 30, 2012

Summary

Pancoast syndrome can be challenging to diagnose, often presenting as shoulder pain. Electromyography (EMG) can aid in diagnosing this condition when imaging is inconclusive.

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Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Pancoast syndrome is characterized by C8-T2 dermatome pain, hand weakness/atrophy, and Horner's syndrome, often posing diagnostic difficulties.
The condition can initially manifest as isolated orthopedic complaints, leading to delayed or incorrect diagnoses.

Observation:

An elderly male presented with severe shoulder pain, initially treated as a musculoskeletal issue with corticosteroid injections.
Progressive symptoms including gross muscular atrophy and worsening pain prompted neurological referral.
Electromyography (EMG) indicated a lower brachial plexopathy, leading to a brachial plexus MRI.

Findings:

A large Pancoast tumor was identified via brachial plexus MRI.
The patient experienced rapid disease progression and passed away within two months.
EMG proved valuable in diagnosing this challenging Pancoast syndrome case.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering Pancoast syndrome even with atypical initial presentations.
Electromyography can serve as a crucial diagnostic tool for Pancoast syndrome, complementing MRI.
Early and accurate diagnosis of Pancoast tumors is critical for patient outcomes.