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Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

1.9K
Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

Eukaryotic Evolution

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Assessment of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors by an Interrogation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Antibody Arrays
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Assessment of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors by an Interrogation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Antibody Arrays

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Evolution of two-component signal transduction systems.

Emily J Capra1, Michael T Laub

  • 1Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA.

Annual Review of Microbiology
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria use two-component signal transduction pathways to adapt to diverse environments. This review explores how these systems evolve, gain new functions, and integrate new signals through genetic changes.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Bacteria sense and respond to environmental signals using two-component signal transduction pathways.
  • These pathways consist of sensor histidine kinases and response regulators, enabling cellular adaptation.
  • The modular nature of these proteins allows for diversification and expansion of signaling capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of two-component protein evolution.
  • To explore how bacterial signaling pathways diverge, acquire new functions, and integrate novel signals.
  • To investigate the evolutionary constraints on gene duplication and horizontal gene transfer in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of genome sequence data with experimental studies.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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  • Analysis of evolutionary mechanisms driving the divergence of orthologous signaling proteins.
  • Investigation into the acquisition of new pathways and signal recognition in bacteria.

    • Main Results:

    • Recent work is revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of two-component systems.
    • Genome data and experimental approaches provide insights into pathway divergence and functional innovation.
    • Understanding how new pathways are insulated from existing ones is crucial for bacterial adaptation.

    Conclusions:

    • The modularity of two-component systems facilitates bacterial adaptation to diverse environmental niches.
    • Integrating genomic and experimental data is key to deciphering the evolution of bacterial signaling.
    • Further research will illuminate how bacteria gain and refine their complex signal transduction networks.