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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Transporters: P-Glycoprotein and Solute Carrier Transporters

The pharmacogenetics of drug transporters is increasingly recognized as a critical factor influencing interindividual variability in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination. These membrane-bound proteins regulate drugs' movement across cellular barriers by actively pumping them out (efflux) or facilitating their uptake (influx). Among the major transporter families, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) transporters play particularly prominent roles. Genetic polymorphisms...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Saudi Arabians.

Fahad I Al-Jenoobi1, Khalid M Alkharfy, Amal M Alghamdi

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzed the CYP2C19 gene variants in Saudi Arabians, finding the defective CYP2C19*2 allele in 8.2% and the CYP2C19*17 allele in 26.9%. Novel SNPs were also identified.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
07:00

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene

Published on: April 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • CYP2C19 genetic variations influence drug metabolism.
  • Understanding population-specific allele frequencies is crucial for personalized medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequencies of key CYP2C19 alleles (*2, *3, *4, *6, *7, *17) and genotypes in a Saudi Arabian population.
  • To identify novel CYP2C19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within this demographic.

Main Methods:

  • Genomic DNA extraction from 192 healthy Saudi Arabian volunteers.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification followed by direct sequencing for genotyping CYP2C19 variants.

Main Results:

  • The CYP2C19*2 allele frequency was 8.2% (heterozygous).
  • No other poor metabolizer alleles (*3, *4, *6, *7) were detected.
  • The CYP2C19*17 allele frequency was 26.9% (46% carried the genotype).
  • A novel SNP (G356A) and a rare SNP (C336T) were identified with approximately 50% frequency each.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides baseline data on CYP2C19 genetic polymorphism in Saudi Arabians.
  • The high frequency of CYP2C19*17 and novel SNPs warrants further investigation into their clinical and metabolic significance.