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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

[Thyroid cytopathology: Bethesda System 2010].

Béatrix Cochand-Priollet1, Philippe Vielh, Bénédicte Royer

  • 1Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, université Paris-7, hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue A.-Paré, Paris cedex 10, France. beatrix.cochand-priollet@lrb.aphp.fr

Annales De Pathologie
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The Bethesda terminology standardizes thyroid fine-needle aspiration diagnoses, improving patient management and cancer risk assessment. This official French version promotes consistent clinical follow-up and treatment decisions globally.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Published on: November 10, 2014

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Area of Science:

  • Cytopathology
  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Context:

  • Thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a key diagnostic tool for thyroid pathology worldwide.
  • Cytological results guide clinical follow-up and surgical treatment decisions.
  • Lack of a standardized terminology previously hindered consistent interpretation and management.

Purpose:

  • To introduce the official French translation of the Bethesda System for Thyroid Cytopathology.
  • To facilitate standardized reporting and management of thyroid nodules.
  • To improve communication and consistency in thyroid cancer diagnosis.

Summary:

  • The Bethesda System, established in 2010, provides standardized diagnostic categories for thyroid FNA with associated cancer risks and management guidelines.
  • This French version aims to promote the adoption of this international standard in French-speaking regions.
  • It enables more consistent patient management and facilitates further research and assessment of cytological diagnoses.

Impact:

  • Enhances diagnostic accuracy and consistency in thyroid fine-needle aspiration reporting.
  • Facilitates standardized patient management pathways, optimizing clinical decision-making.
  • Promotes international collaboration and data comparison in thyroid cytopathology research.