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Related Concept Videos

Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis01:25

Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides constitute a highly potent class of bactericidal antibiotics that exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting the bacterial ribosome, specifically disrupting protein synthesis. These polycationic molecules consist of amino-modified sugars linked via glycosidic bonds to an aminocyclitol core such as 2-deoxystreptamine or streptamine. Their strong positive charges facilitate tight binding to the negatively charged phosphate backbone of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), primarily at the 16S...
Biological Methods for Microbial Control01:28

Biological Methods for Microbial Control

Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis01:23

Inhibitors of Gram-positive Cell Wall Synthesis

Bacterial cell walls are typically rigid structures composed mainly of peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that provides mechanical strength and maintains cell shape. The synthesis of peptidoglycan is a crucial process in bacterial growth and serves as a primary target for many antibiotics.Mechanism of Action of Beta-Lactam AntibioticsBeta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in actively growing cells. These antibiotics share a characteristic four-membered...
Surface Membrane Barriers01:18

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

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Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids
11:56

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids

Published on: May 4, 2018

Endolysins as antimicrobials.

Daniel C Nelson1, Mathias Schmelcher, Lorena Rodriguez-Rubio

  • 1Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, USA.

Advances in Virus Research
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bacteriophage endolysins are potent antimicrobial proteins that degrade bacterial peptidoglycan (PG). Engineered endolysins offer novel therapeutic strategies against pathogens with reduced resistance development.

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Published on: September 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Antimicrobial Research

Background:

  • Peptidoglycan (PG) is the essential structural component of bacterial cell walls.
  • Autolytic PG hydrolases are crucial for bacterial growth and division.
  • Bacteriophage endolysins are PG-degrading enzymes facilitating phage release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the therapeutic potential of bacteriophage endolysins as antimicrobials.
  • To explore the structure-function relationship of endolysins and their domains.
  • To contextualize endolysin research within the broader field of PG hydrolase antimicrobials.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing literature on bacteriophage endolysins and other PG hydrolases.
  • Discussion of endolysin mechanisms, including "lysis from without."
  • Review of endolysin engineering and applications.

Main Results:

  • Endolysins exhibit modular structures with lytic and cell wall-binding domains (CBDs).
  • They possess diverse enzymatic activities (glycosidase, amidase, etc.) for PG degradation.
  • Endolysins show synergy with other antimicrobials and are less prone to resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Endolysins are effective antimicrobials with potential in therapeutic applications.
  • Engineered endolysins offer new avenues in food safety, environmental decontamination, and combating resistant pathogens.
  • Further research into PG hydrolases provides a broader understanding of antimicrobial strategies.