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Related Concept Videos

Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Deindividuation00:57

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual’s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while in a group setting. Why? Because in these group settings, the individual no longer sees themselves as an individual anymore, disinhibiting their behavior and personal restraint.
The Stanford Prison Experiment03:20

The Stanford Prison Experiment

The famous and controversial Stanford Prison Experiment, conducted by social psychologist Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues at Stanford University, demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Bystanders not so innocent after all.

Marcel Batten1, Nico Ghilardi

  • 1Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.

Immunity
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Interleukin 27 (IL-27) suppresses T helper 17 (Th17) cells. This immune regulation occurs via PD-L1 induction on bystander T cells, revealing a novel mechanism of immune suppression.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Interleukin 27 (IL-27) is a key cytokine that modulates immune responses.
  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells play critical roles in immunity and autoimmunity.
  • Understanding the regulation of Th17 cell activity is crucial for developing immunotherapies.

Discussion:

  • Hirahara et al. (2012) investigated the mechanism by which IL-27 regulates Th17 cells.
  • The study reveals that IL-27 acts 'in trans' to suppress Th17 cell function.
  • This suppression is mediated by the induction of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) on T cells not directly stimulated by IL-27.

Key Insights:

  • IL-27 induces PD-L1 expression on bystander T cells.
  • PD-L1 on bystander T cells inhibits Th17 cell activity.

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The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
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Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime
07:36

An Experimental Analysis of Children's Ability to Provide a False Report about a Crime

Published on: May 3, 2016

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
06:51

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

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  • This represents a novel mechanism for IL-27-mediated immune suppression.
  • Outlook:

    • This finding opens new avenues for targeting IL-27 and PD-L1 pathways in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
    • Further research could explore the therapeutic potential of manipulating this IL-27-PD-L1 axis.
    • Investigating the precise cellular interactions and signaling pathways involved will be important.