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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Diphtheria

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Hib epiglottitis despite fully vaccinated status.

Daniel Chandler¹, Martin Connor, David Breen

¹Directorate of Public Health & Strategic Planning, NHS Dumfries & Galloway, Dumfries. d.chandler@nhs.net

The British Journal of General Practice : the Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

|July 4, 2012

Summary

Vaccination failure can occur, even after a full Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine course. Gluteal injections may reduce vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the importance of proper injection sites.

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Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease incidence significantly reduced by vaccination.
Vaccination failure remains a concern despite widespread immunization programs.

Observation:

A previously healthy 4-year-old girl developed severe Hib epiglottitis.
The patient had completed the full Hib vaccine series.

Findings:

The Hib vaccine was administered via gluteal injection.
Gluteal injection sites are associated with reduced immunogenicity compared to thigh or deltoid sites.
This case suggests potential for vaccination failure linked to gluteal administration.

Implications:

Current recommendations advise against gluteal injections for all vaccines.
Proper vaccine administration technique is crucial for ensuring immunogenicity and preventing disease.
Further research may be warranted on optimal vaccine delivery sites for pediatric populations.