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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

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Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method
07:12

Individualized rTMS Treatment for Depression using an fMRI-Based Targeting Method

Published on: August 2, 2021

Imaging treatment effects in depression.

Anna Höflich1, Pia Baldinger, Markus Savli

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090. Vienna, Austria.

Reviews in the Neurosciences
|July 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antidepressant treatment may partially restore brain alterations in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, influencing structural, functional, and molecular neuroimaging. However, some neurobiological changes persist, indicating enduring state and trait factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with neuromolecular, structural, and network alterations in emotion and cognition processing regions.
  • Key neurotransmitter systems are implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in structural, functional, and molecular neuroimaging of treatment-induced changes in MDD.
  • To provide an overview of how antidepressant treatments affect the neurobiology of depression.

Main Methods:

  • Review of structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) studies.
  • Review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies.
  • Review of positron emission tomography (PET) studies.

Main Results:

  • Antidepressant treatment can lead to partial restoration of altered brain processes in MDD patients.
  • sMRI studies show reduced volumetric differences between MDD patients and controls during treatment.
  • fMRI studies indicate normalization of neuronal functioning with antidepressant treatment.
  • PET studies demonstrate sustained influence of antidepressant treatment on serotonergic and dopaminergic targets.

Conclusions:

  • Antidepressant treatment can partially reverse neurobiological alterations in MDD.
  • Not all dysfunctional processes are fully reversible, suggesting persistent state and trait factors.
  • Neurobiological state and trait factors are evident in MDD beyond behavioral observations.