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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Published on: December 14, 2012

Eye gaze adaptation under interocular suppression.

Timo Stein¹, Marius V Peelen, Philipp Sterzer

¹Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy. timo.stein@bccn-berlin.de

Journal of Vision

|July 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Visual perception of eye gaze can occur without conscious awareness for low-level features, but higher-level gaze direction processing requires visual awareness. This study investigated how awareness influences eye gaze perception using adaptation techniques.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Visual Perception
Social Cognition

Background:

Eye gaze perception is crucial for social interaction, guiding attention and conveying intentions.
Adaptation to eye gaze influences subsequent perception, biasing it in predictable ways.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of conscious awareness in the processing of eye gaze direction.
To determine whether unconscious processing of eye gaze is possible and under what conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilized continuous flash suppression (CFS) to render adapting faces invisible or partially visible.
Measured eye gaze aftereffects following adaptation to faces with varying gaze directions and visibility.
Manipulated interocular presentation and spatial correspondence (size changes) between adapting and test stimuli.

Main Results:

Fully invisible faces induced significant, albeit smaller, eye gaze aftereffects, demonstrating unconscious processing.
Interocular transfer of aftereffects from invisible faces indicated early-stage visual processing.
Aftereffects were abolished when spatial correspondence was disrupted (size change), suggesting awareness is needed for higher-level representations.

Conclusions:

Low-level, size-dependent aspects of eye gaze can be processed without visual awareness.
Object-centered, higher-level representations of eye gaze direction are dependent on conscious visual awareness.