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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Dimerizer-mediated regulation of gene expression.

Victor M Rivera, Lori Berk, Tim Clackson

    Cold Spring Harbor Protocols
    |July 4, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Chemical inducers of dimerization, or dimerizers, offer precise control over gene transcription. This system, utilizing rapamycin and the IL-2 promoter, enables tightly regulated gene expression for potential gene therapies.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Gene Regulation
    • Biotechnology

    Background:

    • Chemically controlled gene transcription systems typically rely on allosteric modulators of transcription factors.
    • Chemical inducers of dimerization (dimerizers) offer an alternative by reconstituting active transcription factors from inactive fusion proteins.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide guidance on designing constructs and experiments for dimerizer-regulated gene expression.
    • To highlight the advantages and key factors for successful implementation of dimerizer systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing chemical inducers of dimerization, specifically rapamycin or its analogs.
    • Employing the minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter for tight transcriptional control.
    • Optimizing expression levels of the activation domain fusion protein.

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    Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
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    Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

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    Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

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    Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
    10:28

    Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

    Published on: September 20, 2018

    Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
    07:23

    Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

    Published on: June 15, 2016

    Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
    13:47

    Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

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    Main Results:

    • The dimerizer system, particularly with the IL-2 promoter, achieves tight regulation with undetectable basal expression and high induced expression.
    • Substitution of IL-2 promoter with minimal simian virus 40 (SV40) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters resulted in higher basal expression.
    • Successful incorporation into diverse vector backgrounds for long-term regulated gene expression in vitro and in vivo.

    Conclusions:

    • The dimerizer system, especially when using the IL-2 promoter and optimizing fusion protein expression, provides robust and tightly controlled gene regulation.
    • The system's foundation on human proteins minimizes immunogenicity, making it advantageous for clinical gene therapies.
    • This approach facilitates versatile and long-term gene expression control in various experimental and therapeutic settings.