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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Antigenic variation in visna virus.

J V Scott, L Stowring, A T Haase

    Cell
    |October 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Visna virus undergoes antigenic variation through mutations in its glycoprotein gene, not recombination. This leads to distinct viral variants that evade host immune responses.

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    Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
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    08:09

    Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

    Published on: March 24, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Immunology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Visna virus causes a slow, persistent infection in sheep.
    • Antigenic variation is a key mechanism for immune evasion in lentiviruses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the genetic basis of antigenic variation in visna virus.
    • To differentiate between mutation and recombination as the cause of variant generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and characterization of sequential antigenic variants (LV1-1, LV1-4) from infected sheep.
    • Comparative analysis of peptide maps for envelope glycoprotein (gp135) and core proteins (p30, p16, p14).
    • T1 ribonuclease digestion to compare RNA oligonucleotide patterns.

    Main Results:

    • Two distinct antigenic variants, LV1-1 and LV1-4, were identified.
    • Only the envelope glycoprotein gp135 showed differences in peptide maps between variants.
    • RNA maps were identical, and only a few peptide fragments in gp135 were altered.
    • gp135 was identified as the immunodominant polypeptide eliciting neutralizing antibodies.

    Conclusions:

    • Mutation within the visna virus glycoprotein gene is the likely driver of antigenic variation.
    • Recombination is less probable given the observed genetic stability of other viral components.
    • Understanding this mechanism is crucial for developing effective visna virus control strategies.