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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
08:52

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

Does bone wax induce a chronic inflammatory articular reaction?

Lucian B Solomon1, Carlos Guevara, Lorenz Büchler

  • 1Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Adelaide 5000, Australia. bogdan.solomon@health.sa.gov.au

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|July 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Intraarticular bone wax used during hip surgery may cause chronic inflammation and foreign body reactions in the joint. Revision surgery revealed these inflammatory responses in patients who had bone wax, suggesting a link to its use.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness
08:52

Software-Assisted Quantitative Measurement of Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone Thickness

Published on: March 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Bone wax is commonly used to control bleeding in the femoral neck during femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgery.
  • While extraarticular side effects are documented, the consequences of intraarticular bone wax use remain unclear.
  • Inflammatory reactions have been observed during revision FAI surgery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between intraarticular bone wax and observed inflammatory reactions during revision FAI surgery.
  • To determine if bone wax contributes to synovial inflammation after FAI procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Visual inspection of the surgical site during revision FAI surgery.
  • Analysis of biopsy specimens from 14 patients (11 with prior bone wax use, 3 controls).
  • Comparison of histological findings between patients with and without intraarticular bone wax.

Main Results:

  • Bone wax was macroscopically present on the femoral neck in all 11 patients who had it used originally.
  • Biopsy analysis revealed a foreign body-type chronic synovial inflammation in all 11 patients with bone wax.
  • No inflammatory reactions were found in the three control patients who did not have bone wax used.

Conclusions:

  • Intraarticular bone wax use during FAI surgery is associated with a synovial foreign body reaction.
  • This reaction may include or be accompanied by a lymphoplasmacytic chronic inflammatory response.
  • Findings suggest potential complications from intraarticular bone wax in hip surgery.