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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...

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Dissection of Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus from Adult Mouse
07:42

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Published on: November 17, 2009

Mammalian NUMT insertion is non-random.

Junko Tsuji1, Martin C Frith, Kentaro Tomii

  • 1Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.

Nucleic Acids Research
|July 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear MiTochondrial sequences (NUMTs) insertions are not random. Our study reveals NUMT insertion sites are linked to DNA curvature, open chromatin, and retrotransposons, refining our understanding of their genomic integration.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

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Published on: November 17, 2009

Murine Neural Plate Targeting by In Utero Nano-Injection (NEPTUNE) at Embryonic Day 7.5
10:49

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Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein
05:48

Removal of an Internal Translational Start Site from mRNA While Retaining Expression of the Full-Length Protein

Published on: March 16, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Nuclear genomes contain Nuclear MiTochondrial sequences (NUMTs), which are remnants of mitochondrial DNA.
  • Previous studies on NUMT creation and insertion sites yielded conflicting results, often using default bioinformatics parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate NUMT insertion site characteristics using a refined protocol.
  • To investigate the relationship between NUMT insertion sites, DNA structure, chromatin accessibility, and retrotransposons.

Main Methods:

  • A carefully considered protocol was used to redefine and analyze human NUMTs.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of NUMT insertion sites, DNA curvature, open chromatin regions, A+T oligomers, and retrotransposon distribution.

Main Results:

  • NUMT insertion points show a strong tendency for high predicted DNA curvature.
  • NUMTs frequently occur in experimentally defined open chromatin regions and adjacent to A+T oligomers.
  • Evidence confirms that NUMT flanking regions are rich in retrotransposons, and the mitochondrial D-loop is under-represented in primate NUMTs.

Conclusions:

  • NUMT insertion is not random and is influenced by specific genomic features.
  • The findings provide a more accurate model for NUMT integration mechanisms.
  • This research refines understanding of NUMT evolution and their relationship with nuclear genome architecture.