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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning01:19

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning to train complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations toward the target behavior. This method is necessary because organisms are unlikely to perform complex behaviors spontaneously. Instead, shaping breaks down the desired behavior into small, manageable steps.
The steps involved in shaping begin with reinforcing any response that resembles the desired behavior. For example, parents might praise a child for picking up one toy. As...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

When flexibility is stable: implicit long-term shaping of olfactory preferences.

Géraldine Coppin1, Sylvain Delplanque, Christelle Porcherot

  • 1Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, and the Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. geraldine.coppin@gmail.com

Plos One
|July 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Preferences can change after you make a choice, even if you forget the choice itself. This postchoice preference modulation is stable over time and may occur through implicit cognitive processes.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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Published on: August 18, 2014

Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period
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Experience-Dependent Remodeling of Juvenile Brain Olfactory Sensory Neuron Synaptic Connectivity in an Early-Life Critical Period

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Decision-making research

Background:

  • Traditionally, preferences are considered stable.
  • Empirical evidence suggests preferences can be modulated by choices.
  • The long-term evolution of postchoice preference, especially when choices are forgotten, remains understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the long-term stability of postchoice preference modulation.
  • To determine if preference changes persist even when choices are not explicitly remembered.
  • To explore the potential role of implicit mechanisms in preference stability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a variant of the free choice paradigm across two experiments.
  • Participants rated odor pleasantness, made choices between paired odors, and re-rated odors.
  • A third experiment employed a different paradigm to confirm findings.

Main Results:

  • Postchoice preference modulation was observed immediately and one week after choices.
  • This modulation occurred for both chosen and rejected options.
  • Preference modulation persisted even when participants did not explicitly recall their choices.

Conclusions:

  • Choice significantly modulates preferences, and this modulation is long-lasting.
  • Preference modulation appears stable over time, independent of explicit memory of the choice.
  • Findings support the hypothesis that implicit mechanisms, potentially related to cognitive dissonance reduction, underlie stable postchoice preference modulation.