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Related Concept Videos

Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
Anatomy of Blood Vessels01:20

Anatomy of Blood Vessels

The vascular system, an integral part of the circulatory system, comprises various blood vessels that play crucial roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis. These blood vessels form a complex and efficient circulatory network. The three primary categories of blood vessels are the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries
Arteries circulate oxygenated blood from the heart, except the pulmonary artery, which transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Large arteries, such as the aorta, have...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels
07:49

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels

Published on: January 14, 2021

Toward completely constructed and cellularized blood vessels.

Patrick Menu1, Jean-François Stoltz, Halima Kerdjoudj

  • 1Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine, Nancy Université, Université Henri Poincaré, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. menu@pharma.uhp-nancy.fr

Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering
|July 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Polyelectrolyte multilayer films enhance vascular graft performance by improving cell adhesion and restoring mechanical properties in cryopreserved arteries. This method accelerates vascular cell development from progenitors, paving the way for faster engineered vascular grafts.

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Stepwise Cell Seeding on Tessellated Scaffolds to Study Sprouting Blood Vessels
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Published on: January 14, 2021

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Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration
09:23

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Published on: June 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Vascular tissue engineering seeks to create implantable blood vessels with native-like biological and biomechanical properties.
  • Current vascular substitutes often suffer from poor in vivo patency and loss of mechanical integrity after cryopreservation.
  • Accelerating the differentiation of progenitor cells into mature vascular cells is crucial for developing functional vascular grafts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films for enhancing vascular graft functionality.
  • To restore mechanical properties of cryopreserved arteries using PEM coatings.
  • To investigate the potential of PEM surfaces to accelerate vascular cell differentiation from progenitor cells.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized layer-by-layer self-assembly to create poly(sodium-4 styrene sulfonate)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PSS/PAH) PEM films on various substrates.
  • Assessed endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, retention, and phenotype maintenance on PEM-coated surfaces, including cryopreserved arteries.
  • Cultured circulating progenitor cells on PEM-treated glass to evaluate their differentiation into smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and ECs.

Main Results:

  • PSS/PAH PEM films, particularly those ending in PAH, promoted strong adhesion and retention of mature ECs, preserving their phenotype on ePTFE and cryopreserved arteries.
  • PEM treatment restored the compliance and elasticity of cryopreserved arteries to levels comparable to native vessels.
  • Progenitor cells cultured on PEM-treated glass exhibited mature SMC and EC morphology and phenotype markers within 14 days, significantly faster than conventional protocols.

Conclusions:

  • PEM coatings offer a versatile strategy for improving the biological and mechanical properties of vascular grafts.
  • PEM technology can significantly accelerate the development of functional vascular cells from progenitors, reducing production time.
  • This approach holds promise for the rapid fabrication of autologous cellularized vascular grafts for clinical applications.