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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas01:16

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreas

The pancreas, a vital organ within the abdominal cavity, plays dual roles in the digestive and endocrine systems, collaborating with exocrine and endocrine cells to maintain optimal digestion and blood sugar levels.
Exocrine function is carried out by acinar cells, organized into clusters known as acini. These cells contribute to digestion by releasing substantial quantities of enzyme-rich, alkaline digestive juices.
Concurrently, the dispersed clusters of endocrine cells throughout the...
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Related Experiment Video

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Human Pseudoislet System for Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Secretory Profiles
08:04

Human Pseudoislet System for Synchronous Assessment of Fluorescent Biosensor Dynamics and Hormone Secretory Profiles

Published on: November 3, 2023

A bio-inspired glucose controller based on pancreatic β-cell physiology.

Pau Herrero1, Pantelis Georgiou, Nick Oliver

  • 1Center for Bio-Inspired Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. pherrero@imperial.ac.uk

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|July 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel bio-inspired artificial pancreas controller for type 1 diabetes. The controller, based on a pancreatic beta-cell model, demonstrated effective glucose regulation in a virtual population.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Current type 1 diabetes control algorithms often lack physiological basis.
  • Advancements in pancreatic beta-cell mathematical modeling enable bio-inspired control.
  • Subcutaneous glucose sensing and insulin delivery present physiological challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel glucose controller for a bio-inspired artificial pancreas.
  • To develop a controller that replicates biological pancreas functionality.
  • To address challenges associated with subcutaneous insulin delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mathematical model of beta-cell physiology as the controller's core.
  • Incorporated insulin feedback and gain scheduling to manage subcutaneous route limitations.
  • Validated the controller using a US Food and Drug Administration-accepted type 1 diabetes mellitus virtual population.

Main Results:

  • Achieved blood glucose levels within the target range (70-180 mg/dL) in virtual adults and adolescents.
  • Demonstrated a percent time in range of 92.8 ± 7.3% for adults and 83.5 ± 14% for adolescents.
  • Showcased effective premeal and postmeal glucose control.

Conclusions:

  • This research presents a novel controller based on a subcellular beta-cell model.
  • The study demonstrates effective glucose control in a virtual type 1 diabetes population.
  • This marks a significant advancement in bio-inspired artificial pancreas technology.