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Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota01:26

Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota

Basidiomycota is a diverse phylum of fungi that includes ecologically significant decomposers such as white rot fungi, symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts, and edible species like Agaricus bisporus (the common button mushroom). These fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and even human health. Their defining feature is the basidium, a microscopic club-shaped structure responsible for producing basidiospores.Fruiting Bodies...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecular Drugs
11:12

Ex Vivo Red Blood Cell Hemolysis Assay for the Evaluation of pH-responsive Endosomolytic Agents for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecular Drugs

Published on: March 9, 2013

Fungal hemolysins.

Ajay P Nayak1, Brett J Green, Donald H Beezhold

  • 1Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. fyg1@cdc.gov

Medical Mycology
|July 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fungal hemolysins, proteins that lyse red cells, have diverse functions beyond hemolysis. This review highlights aegerolysin family hemolysins and their roles in health and biotechnology.

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Protein Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hemolysins are proteins primarily known for their red blood cell-lysing (hemolytic) activity.
  • While extensively studied in bacteria, fungal hemolysins have gained recent research attention.
  • These fungal proteins exhibit diverse, pleiotropic functions beyond hemolysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on fungal hemolysins.
  • To focus on hemolysins belonging to the aegerolysin protein family.
  • To present novel insights into the biotechnological and health implications of fungal hemolysins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on fungal hemolysins.
  • Comparative analysis of hemolysin structures and functions, particularly within the aegerolysin family.
  • Exploration of emerging applications in biotechnology and health.

Main Results:

  • Fungal hemolysins represent a diverse protein group with varied biological activities.
  • The aegerolysin family exemplifies key structural and functional characteristics of fungal hemolysins.
  • Emerging evidence points to significant roles in fungal pathogenesis and potential biotechnological applications.

Conclusions:

  • Fungal hemolysins are multifunctional proteins with implications for human health and disease.
  • Further research into fungal hemolysins, especially the aegerolysin family, can unlock new biotechnological tools.
  • Understanding these proteins is crucial for both medical and industrial applications.