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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
10:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: July 22, 2008

Polycomb in stem cells: PRC1 branches out.

Nuno Miguel Luis1, Lluis Morey, Luciano Di Croce

  • 1Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) and UPF, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.

Cell Stem Cell
|July 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) regulate gene expression via chromatin modification. New findings reveal that distinct subunits of polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) have unique, non-overlapping roles in stem cells, challenging the traditional view of PRC1 and PRC2 working together.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Polycomb group proteins (PcGs) are crucial epigenetic regulators of gene expression.
  • PcGs form two main complexes: polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2).
  • PRC1 and PRC2 have been traditionally viewed as functionally cooperative in gene silencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To challenge the classical model of PRC1 and PRC2 functional cooperation.
  • To investigate the specific roles of distinct polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) subunits.
  • To elucidate the non-overlapping functions of PRC1 in embryonic and adult stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental data and literature.
  • Analysis of subunit composition within PRC1 complexes.
  • Functional assessment of PRC1 variants in stem cell models.

Main Results:

  • Recent data suggest that PRC1 and PRC2 may not function as a single, unified complex.
  • Distinct subunit compositions within PRC1 confer specialized functions.
  • PRC1 exhibits specific and non-overlapping roles in both embryonic and adult stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • The traditional model of PcG complex cooperation requires re-evaluation.
  • Specific PRC1 subunits possess unique functions, independent of PRC2.
  • Understanding these distinct PRC1 functions is critical for stem cell biology and epigenetic research.