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Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

Residual Stresses in Circular Shafts

In materials that exhibit elastic and plastic behavior, known as elastoplastic materials, residual stresses can accumulate when these materials experience plastic deformation. This deformation arises from either high levels of shearing stress or significant strains. Residual stresses are internal stresses that persist within a material after removing the external force causing deformation. This phenomenon is demonstrated when observing the behavior of a shaft under torque; notably, the shaft's...

Circular Shafts - Elastoplastic Materials

Circular Shafts - Elastoplastic Materials

The study of solid circular shafts under stress shows that within the elastic limit, stress increases directly to the distance from the shaft's center. This relationship holds until the shaft reaches a critical point of stress, beyond which it begins to yield, marking the transition from elastic to plastic deformation. At this crucial juncture, the maximum torque the shaft can endure without permanent deformation is determined, signifying the limit of its elastic behavior.
As torque on the...

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Stress Concentrations in Circular Shafts

Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...

Torque

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque exerted...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Measurement of the Hand Transmitted Vibration of the Human Hand Arm System During Operation of a Hand Tractor

Measurement of the Hand Transmitted Vibration of the Human Hand Arm System During Operation of a Hand Tractor

Published on: June 16, 2021

Reduced elbow extension torque during vibrations.

Bernd Friesenbichler¹, Aurel Coza, Benno M Nigg

¹Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada. berndf@kin.ucalgary.ca

Journal of Biomechanics

|July 10, 2012

Summary

Acute vibration exposure decreased maximal isometric elbow extension torque in healthy females. Muscle activity increased, suggesting vibrations may hinder maximal strength tasks but could benefit strength training.

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Human Physiology
Sports Science

Background:

The long-term effects of vibrations on the human body are well-documented.
However, the acute effects of vibrations on musculoskeletal function remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of acute vibrations at varying frequencies and elbow angles on maximal isometric elbow extension torque.
To assess the impact of these vibrations on muscle activity.

Main Methods:

Fifteen healthy female subjects performed maximal isometric elbow extensions against a dynamometer.
Vibrations were applied to the forearm via a pneumatic vibrator at different frequencies and elbow angles (60°, 90°, 120°).
Maximal extension torque and electromyographic (EMG) activity of triceps and biceps were measured and compared to control conditions.

Main Results:

Vibration exposure generally decreased maximal extension torque compared to the control condition.
Torque reduction was significant at 90° (7.4%) and 120° (5.0%) elbow angles (p<0.01).
Vibrations significantly increased EMG activity in both triceps and biceps by approximately 30-40%.

Conclusions:

Acute vibrations can reduce maximal isometric extension torque while increasing muscle activation.
The findings suggest that vibrations may be detrimental for activities demanding maximal strength.
Conversely, vibrations might offer benefits for strength training adaptations.