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$Interference and Diffraction$ 02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.

Interference and Superposition of Waves

Interference and Superposition of Waves

When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

To understand shear on the flat side of a prismatic beam element, consider the vertical and horizontal shearing forces, and the normal forces, acting on the element. The element's upper (U) and lower (L) sections, which are divided by the beam's neutral axis, are examined. The equilibrium of these forces is determined by applying the equilibrium equation, which helps identify the horizontal shearing force. This force is directly related to the bending moments and the cross-section's first...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope

Published on: December 30, 2025

Two-dimensional wavefront reconstruction from lateral multi-shear interferograms.

Yun-feng Guo¹, Hao Chen, Ji Xu

¹Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.

|July 10, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple shearing interferometry accurately measures 2D phase objects by eliminating spectral leakage. This advanced technique offers higher recovery accuracy and reconstruction precision compared to single-shear methods.

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Area of Science:

Optical Metrology
Wavefront Sensing
Interferometry

Background:

Single-shear interferometry suffers from spectral leakage, limiting accuracy in phase object measurement.
Accurate measurement of two-dimensional (2D) phase objects is crucial in various scientific and engineering fields.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and demonstrate a multiple shearing interferometry technique for enhanced 2D phase object measurement.
To address and overcome the spectral leakage issue inherent in single-shear interference methods.

Main Methods:

Acquisition of multiple shearing interferograms using a shearing interferometer.
Computation of 2D wavefront Fourier coefficients from phase differences derived from interferograms.
Phase reconstruction based on computed Fourier coefficients.

Main Results:

Multiple shearing interferometry effectively eliminates spectral leakage.
Demonstrated higher recovery accuracy compared to single-shear interferometry.
Reconstruction precision was found to increase with an increasing number of shear steps.

Conclusions:

Multiple shearing interferometry provides a more accurate method for measuring 2D phase objects.
The proposed technique offers improved wavefront reconstruction capabilities.
The study validates the superiority of multi-shear over single-shear methods for phase measurement.