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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model
08:38

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model

Published on: March 3, 2023

[Th9 cells. Functionally important or just an epiphenomenon?].

A Ramming1, H Schulze-Koops, A Skapenko

  • 1Rheumaeinheit, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Innenstadt, Pettenkoferstr. 8a, 80336, München, Deutschland. andreas.ramming@med.uni-muenchen.de

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
|July 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetic modifications dynamically control Th9 cell development. Selective PU.1 promoter inactivation suggests a physiological role for IL-9, but its deregulation contributes to autoimmune disorders.

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Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model
08:38

A Strategy for the Study of IL-9-Producing Lymphoid Cells in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis Infection Model

Published on: March 3, 2023

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis
09:41

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspension of Mouse Thymic Epithelial Cells and Staining of Intracellular Molecules for Flow Cytometric Analysis

Published on: July 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Th9 cells are a distinct T helper cell subset.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms regulate T cell differentiation.
  • Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a key cytokine in immune responses.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the epigenetic control of Th9 cell development.
  • To explore the role of the PU.1 promoter in Th9 differentiation.
  • To understand the contribution of IL-9 to autoimmune pathogenesis.

Summary:

  • Th9 cell development is dynamically regulated by epigenetic modifications.
  • Selective epigenetic inactivation of the PU.1 promoter diminishes Th9 cell differentiation from naive CD4 T cells.
  • This suggests a specific physiological function for IL-9, while its dysregulation is implicated in autoimmune diseases.

Impact:

  • Elucidates the epigenetic basis of Th9 cell differentiation.
  • Highlights the dual role of IL-9 in physiology and pathology.
  • Provides insights into the mechanisms underlying autoimmune disorders.