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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Cooperative self-assembly: producing synthetic polymers with precise and concise primary structures.

Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro1, Matthew E Belowich, J Fraser Stoddart

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.

Chemical Society Reviews
|July 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Chemists can now create complex mechanically interlocked polymers with high precision using dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) and template-directed methods. This breakthrough allows for the efficient synthesis of robust, ordered polymer structures for advanced materials.

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13:42

Solid-phase Submonomer Synthesis of Peptoid Polymers and their Self-Assembly into Highly-Ordered Nanosheets

Published on: November 2, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Synthesizing mechanically interlocked polymers with precise structures and high efficiency has been a long-standing challenge in chemistry.
  • Traditional methods often struggle to control covalent bond formation and avoid unwanted by-products.
  • Mechanically interlocked polymers offer potential as dynamic yet robust materials for diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and application of Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC) for synthesizing mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs).
  • To highlight the use of template-directed protocols in conjunction with DCC to achieve complex polymer architectures.
  • To demonstrate the efficient synthesis of highly ordered poly[n]rotaxanes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCC), specifically the formation of dynamic imine bonds, which operates under thermodynamic control.
  • Employing template-directed protocols to pre-organize molecular precursors via noncovalent interactions before covalent bond formation.
  • Applying iterative, step-wise synthesis strategies to build high-order main-chain mechanically interlocked polymers.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the successful synthesis of various mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) using DCC and template-directed methods.
  • Achieved the production of highly ordered poly[n]rotaxanes with high conversion efficiencies.
  • Showcased the ability to create complex, highly symmetric, and robust polymer topologies not easily obtainable by traditional synthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic Covalent Chemistry, particularly imine bond formation, coupled with template-directed synthesis, is a powerful strategy for constructing mechanically interlocked polymers.
  • This approach overcomes limitations of traditional methods, enabling precise control over polymer structure and high synthetic efficiency.
  • The developed strategies pave the way for the controlled synthesis of advanced, high-order mechanically interlocked polymers for novel material applications.