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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Gene Families

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: December 29, 2017

Histone modification pattern evolution after yeast gene duplication.

Yangyun Zou¹, Zhixi Su, Wei Huang

¹Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.

BMC Evolutionary Biology

|July 11, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Gene duplication drives evolutionary innovation. This study reveals that epigenetic factors, specifically histone modifications (HM), co-evolve with genetic elements after gene duplication, contributing to expression divergence in yeast.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of Histone Modifications from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Single-Copy Gene Locus Chromatin Purification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Published on: November 17, 2023

Area of Science:

Evolutionary biology
Epigenetics
Genomics

Background:

Gene duplication is a key driver of evolutionary innovation and functional diversification.
Genetic regulatory networks evolve rapidly post-duplication, accelerating expression divergence.
The role of epigenetic factors, like histone modification (HM), in mediating expression regulation after gene duplication remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of yeast histone modification (HM) in the evolution of expression regulation following gene duplication.
To analyze the co-evolution of epigenetic and genetic factors after gene duplication.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of histone modification patterns in duplicate genes versus singleton pairs in yeast.
Assessment of HM-code divergence in promoter and open reading frame (ORF) regions relative to sequence divergence.
Examination of the impact of deleting HM-related enzymes on expression divergence between duplicate genes.

Main Results:

Duplicate genes exhibit more similar HM-code patterns than random singleton pairs.
HM-code divergence increases with sequence divergence, with ORF regions evolving slower than promoter regions.
Evidence suggests HM-code co-evolves with cis- and trans-regulatory factors, and HM-enzyme deletion moderately increases expression divergence.

Conclusions:

Yeast histone modification profiles diverge between duplicate genes over evolutionary time, mirroring genetic regulatory elements.
Co-evolution between genetic and epigenetic elements is evident after gene duplication, jointly contributing to expression divergence.