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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Rat Model of Widespread Cerebral Cortical Demyelination Induced by an Intracerebral Injection of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
09:46

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Published on: September 21, 2021

Multiple sclerosis: a disease of affluence?.

Bernhard Buchter1, Margrit Dunkel, Jianghong Li

  • 1Alberta GmbH, Zürich, Switzerland. buchter@alberta.ch

Neuroepidemiology
|July 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Higher GDP per capita, not just latitude, strongly predicts multiple sclerosis prevalence. Wealthier lifestyles and consumption patterns may increase MS risk, suggesting new research avenues.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence varies geographically, being rare in tropics and common in developed nations.
  • Latitude has been a recognized factor, but economic status, measured by GDP per capita, is also notable in developed countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between MS prevalence and both latitude and real GDP per capita.
  • To determine the relative importance of economic factors versus geographical factors in MS prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bivariate and multivariate regression models.
  • Analyzed data from 62 countries, correlating MS prevalence with GDP per capita and latitude.

Main Results:

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  • Both real GDP per capita and latitude showed a positive association with MS prevalence.
  • Real GDP per capita emerged as a significantly stronger predictor of MS prevalence than latitude.

    • Conclusions:

    • The strong correlation between GDP per capita and MS prevalence suggests a new research direction.
    • Potential links between high-purchasing-power lifestyles, consumption behaviors, and increased MS risk are plausible.
    • Economic factors warrant further investigation into the etiology of multiple sclerosis.