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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

Diversity of Eukaryotic Translational Initiation Factor eIF4E in Protists.

Rosemary Jagus1, Tsvetan R Bachvaroff, Bhavesh Joshi

  • 1Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.

Comparative and Functional Genomics
|July 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Microbial eukaryotes, or protists, exhibit vast diversity and unique genome features. Their eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) proteins form distinct evolutionary clades, challenging existing classifications.

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells
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Rapid In Vivo Fixation and Isolation of Translational Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: December 25, 2021

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Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Eukaryotic diversity and molecular evolution.
  • Microbial genomics and bioinformatics.
  • Gene expression regulation in protists.

Background:

  • Protists represent the majority of eukaryotic diversity, possessing unique genomic and cellular traits.
  • Gene expression regulation in protists is poorly understood compared to model organisms.
  • Many protists have multiple eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) proteins, but their functions are largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To phylogenetically analyze eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) proteins across diverse protist lineages.
  • To establish a framework for understanding the evolution and classification of protist eIF4Es.
  • To highlight the need for further functional studies on protist eIF4Es.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of available protist eIF4E sequences.
  • Comparison of protist eIF4E clades with those from multicellular eukaryotes (plants, fungi, metazoa).
  • Identification of distinct clades within protist eIF4Es.

Main Results:

  • Protist eIF4E sequences do not fit into the three established classes found in multicellular organisms.
  • Three novel clades of protist eIF4Es have been identified, distinct from plant/fungi/metazoan classes.
  • Sequence data for under-represented groups like opisthokonts and amoebozoa are needed.

Conclusions:

  • Protist eIF4E evolution is distinct from that in plants, fungi, and metazoa.
  • Further functional studies and sequence data are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of protist eIF4E diversity and function.
  • This research provides a new framework for classifying and studying eIF4E proteins in microbial eukaryotes.