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Cohesins

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...

Cohesins

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

Cohesin regulates tissue-specific expression by stabilizing highly occupied cis-regulatory modules.

Andre J Faure¹, Dominic Schmidt, Stephen Watt

¹European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.

Genome Research

|July 12, 2012

Summary

Cohesin protein complexes, independent of CTCF, bind to tissue-specific genes and master regulators. This binding is crucial for stabilizing transcriptional complexes and regulating gene expression in mouse liver.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genomics
Epigenetics

Background:

The cohesin complex plays a role in transcriptional regulation beyond its known CTCF-dependent functions.
The role of cohesin in combinatorial transcription factor (TF) binding is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate cohesin-non-CTCF (CNC) binding events in vivo.
To explore the relationship between CNC binding, master regulators, and gene expression in mouse liver.

Main Methods:

ChIP-sequencing (ChIP-seq) was used to map cohesin, CTCF, and various transcriptional regulators in primary mouse liver.
Statistical analyses were performed on wild-type and Rad21-cohesin haploinsufficient mouse liver samples.

Main Results:

A positive correlation was observed between the number of bound TFs and the presence of CNC sites.
CNC sites are associated with master regulators, enhancer-markers, and liver-specific gene expression, unlike CTCF-cohesin sites.
Cohesin presence helps explain discrepancies between TF motif scores and ChIP signals, suggesting it stabilizes large protein-DNA complexes.

Conclusions:

Cohesin, independently of CTCF, binds to master regulators at tissue-specific loci, influencing gene expression.
Cohesin plays a stabilizing role in the formation of large transcriptional regulatory complexes.
Mirrored CTCF binding at promoters and nearby cohesin-bound enhancers correlates with elevated gene expression.