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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Augusto Taccaliti¹, Francesca Silvetti, Gioia Palmonella

¹Division of Endocrinology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Torrette - Ancona Ancona, Italy.

Frontiers in Endocrinology

|July 12, 2012

Summary

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a rare but aggressive cancer with poor survival. Aggressive multimodal therapy, including surgery and radiation, offers the best chance for improved outcomes in ATC patients.

Keywords:

anaplastic cancer genetic alteration prognosis therapy thyroid treatment tumor

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Published on: June 2, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Endocrinology

Background:

Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) is a rare thyroid malignancy, comprising 1-2% of cases but causing a disproportionate number of deaths.
ATC exhibits a more complex genotype than differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs), with frequent chromosomal aberrations and accumulating gene mutations.
The disease has a high incidence in endemic goiter regions and a poor prognosis, with a mean survival of approximately 6 months.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics, presentation, and treatment strategies for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC).
To highlight the aggressive nature of ATC and the challenges in its management.
To discuss the role of multimodal therapy and ongoing clinical trials for ATC.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) epidemiology, genetics, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes.
Analysis of therapeutic options including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and investigational drugs.
Discussion of multimodal treatment approaches and their impact on survival.

Main Results:

ATC presents as a rapidly growing neck mass with potential for local invasion and metastasis, often leading to death from airway obstruction.
Complete surgical resection, though rarely achievable, offers the best chance for long-term control.
Multimodal therapy combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy may prevent airway compromise and slightly prolong survival.

Conclusions:

Aggressive local therapy is indicated for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (ATC) patients who can tolerate it.
Multimodal treatment strategies are crucial for managing ATC, aiming to control local disease and improve survival.
Investigational therapies, including anti-angiogenetic and multi-kinase inhibitor drugs, are being explored in clinical trials to improve ATC outcomes.