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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for the Identification of Multiple Phosphorylations of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Published on: December 27, 2016

Phosphatonins: physiological role and pathological changes.

Loredana Cavalli1, Celestina Mazzotta, Maria Luisa Brandi

  • 1Division of Mineral and Bone Metabolism Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Orthopedic Trauma Centre, Florence, Italy.

Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism : the Official Journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases
|July 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proper serum phosphate levels are crucial for skeletal health. The hormone FGF23, regulated by vitamin D and PTH, plays a key role in phosphorus homeostasis and may serve as a marker for bone healing.

Keywords:
ADHRFGF-23GALnT3KlothoMEPEPHEXXLHphosphate metabolismphosphatoninssFRP-4

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Mineral Metabolism
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Maintaining serum phosphate concentrations is vital for skeletal development and integrity.
  • Hormonal factors including vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and phosphatonins (FGF-23, sFRP-4, MEPE) regulate phosphorus homeostasis.
  • FGF23 forms a hormonal axis involving bone, parathyroid, and kidney.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of FGF23 synthesis and secretion.
  • To understand the role of FGF23 in phosphorus homeostasis and its implications in disease.
  • To explore FGF23 as a potential marker for bone healing.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the positive regulation of FGF23 by 1,25(OH)2D and serum phosphorus.
  • Examined the negative regulation of FGF23 by PHEX and GALNT3 (encoding PPGGalNacT3).
  • Highlighted the requirement of Klotho as a coreceptor for FGF23 signaling via FGFRs.

Main Results:

  • FGF23 synthesis is positively influenced by 1,25(OH)2D and phosphate levels.
  • PHEX and GALNT3 negatively regulate FGF23, with GALNT3 preventing its degradation.
  • Mutations in FGF23, Klotho, or GALNT3 genes result in hyperphosphatemia, ectopic calcifications, and bone lesions.
  • Phosphatonins are implicated in common diseases of kidney and mineral metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • FGF23 is a key hormone in the bone-parathyroid-kidney axis regulating phosphate balance.
  • Genetic defects in the FGF23 pathway lead to significant mineral metabolism disorders.
  • FGF23 shows promise as a biomarker for assessing bone healing processes.