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Updated: May 20, 2026

Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis

Surgical Correction for Pediatric Epiblepharon and Trichiasis

Published on: July 8, 2025

Correction of posttraumatic enophthalmos.

Ron Hazani¹, Michael J Yaremchuk

¹Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Archives of Plastic Surgery

|July 12, 2012

Summary

Reconstructing sunken eyes (enophthalmos) after trauma, especially when delayed, is challenging. Modern orbital reconstruction precisely restores anatomy, leading to successful outcomes in late enophthalmos cases.

Keywords:

Enophthalmos Orbital fractures Orbital implants

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Plastic Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Posttraumatic enophthalmos presents a significant reconstructive challenge, particularly in late presentations.
Accurate anatomical restoration is crucial for successful surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the anatomy, diagnostics, indications, and surgical approaches for posttraumatic enophthalmos.
To highlight advancements in internal orbital reconstruction techniques.

Main Methods:

Review of pertinent orbital anatomy.
Discussion of diagnostic modalities.
Analysis of surgical approaches, including the use of biologic or alloplastic implants.

Main Results:

Internal orbital reconstruction has evolved with advanced implants, including anatomical pre-bent options.
Recent studies demonstrate successful repair of late enophthalmos.
Precision in restoring orbital anatomy is key to successful outcomes.

Conclusions:

Management of posttraumatic enophthalmos, even when delayed, can be effectively addressed through precise anatomical reconstruction.
Advancements in reconstructive techniques and implant materials have improved surgical results.