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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.

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Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

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Published on: October 10, 2011

GRB10 imprinting is eutherian mammal specific.

Jessica M Stringer¹, Shunsuke Suzuki, Andrew J Pask

¹ARC Centre of Excellence in Kangaroo Genomics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Molecular Biology and Evolution

|July 13, 2012

Summary

Genomic imprinting of the GRB10 gene likely evolved in placental mammals (eutherians) after their divergence from marsupials. This evolution followed the acquisition of a brain-specific promoter, absent in marsupials.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Evolutionary Biology
Developmental Biology

Background:

GRB10 is an imprinted gene with differential expression from two promoters in mice and humans.
Human GRB10 exhibits complex imprinting patterns, including tissue-specific maternal and paternal expression.
Understanding GRB10 evolution requires studying its orthologs in diverse mammalian groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) GRB10 ortholog.
To investigate the evolutionary origin and mechanisms of GRB10 imprinting.
To determine if marsupials possess the regulatory elements associated with eutherian GRB10 imprinting.

Main Methods:

Bioinformatic analysis of tammar wallaby GRB10 sequence.
Comparative genomic analysis with eutherian GRB10.
Gene expression analysis in various tammar wallaby tissues.

Main Results:

Tammar GRB10 protein sequence is highly conserved with eutherian GRB10.
A single promoter region was identified in tammar GRB10, unlike the dual promoters in eutherians.
Tammar GRB10 was expressed widely but showed no evidence of imprinting in any examined tissue.

Conclusions:

GRB10 imprinting likely evolved in eutherians after the split from marsupials.
The acquisition of a brain-specific promoter appears to be a key event in the evolution of GRB10 imprinting.
Marsupials lack the genomic features necessary for the complex imprinting observed in eutherian GRB10.