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Related Concept Videos

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin

Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
Blood Transfusion01:15

Blood Transfusion

Blood transfusion is a critical medical procedure that saves lives and treats various medical conditions. It involves transferring blood from a donor to a recipient. This process requires a thorough understanding of the ABO blood group system and its associated antigens and antibodies.
Blood Transfusion Overview
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure used to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or to treat conditions such as anemia or cancer. During a transfusion, donor blood is...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
05:23

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

Endocrinopathies in transfusion-associated iron overload.

Mee Kyoung Kim1, Jong Wook Lee, Ki Hyun Baek

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.

Clinical Endocrinology
|July 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transfusion-associated haemochromatosis frequently causes endocrine issues, including hypogonadism and diabetes. Bone density loss, particularly in the spine, is also common in these patients.

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Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Hematology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Transfusional iron overload leads to iron accumulation.
  • Parenchymal iron accumulation is considered more harmful than reticuloendothelial iron accumulation.
  • Limited data exist on endocrine function in transfusion-associated haemochromatosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of endocrine dysfunction in patients with transfusion-associated haemochromatosis.
  • To assess pituitary function, glucose metabolism, and bone mineral density in this patient cohort.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 25 patients with transfusion-associated haemochromatosis.
  • Utilized combined pituitary function tests and oral glucose tolerance tests.
  • Assessed bone mineral density using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Main Results:

  • 88% of patients exhibited at least one endocrine abnormality.
  • Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism affected 54% of subjects.
  • Diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis were observed in 48% of patients, with osteoporosis more pronounced in the lumbar spine.

Conclusions:

  • Endocrinopathies are highly prevalent in transfusion-associated haemochromatosis.
  • Iron overload significantly impacts multiple endocrine axes and bone health.
  • Further research is warranted to manage these complications effectively.