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Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
A gas chromatograph consists of a long, narrow capillary column with a polysiloxane coating on the inner wall. The coating...

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC, a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.

Gas Chromatography: Overview of Detectors

Gas Chromatography: Overview of Detectors

Detectors in gas chromatography (GC) help identify and quantify the components of a mixture by translating chemical properties into measurable signals, which are displayed on a chromatogram. Detectors can be categorized into two main types: destructive and non-destructive.
A non-destructive detector allows a sample to be analyzed without altering or consuming it, meaning the sample can be collected after detection for further analysis. Examples include thermal conductivity detectors and...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas Chromatography: Types of Columns and Stationary Phases

Gas chromatography (GC) relies on stationary phases to separate and analyze components in a sample. There are two main types of stationary phases: liquid and solid. Liquid stationary phases are non-volatile, thermally stable, and chemically inert liquids coated onto the column. Solid stationary phases are particles of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or molecular sieves.
For an analyte to remain on the column for a sufficient amount of time, it must exhibit some level of compatibility (or...

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-I

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-I

There are different types of detectors used in gas chromatography, each with its own specific properties that make it suitable for detecting certain types of analytes. The most commonly used detectors in GC are thermal conductivity detector (TCD), flame ionization detector (FID), and electron capture detector (ECD).
TCD is the earliest and most widely used detector that operates by measuring the changes in the thermal conductivity of the carrier gas. When a sample compound enters the detector,...

Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems

Gas Chromatography: Sample Injection Systems

In gas chromatography, the sample is introduced as a vapor plug into the carrier gas stream for high efficiency and resolution. A microsyringe injects the sample solution into a heated sample port, vaporizing it and mixing it with the carrier gas. This process is important to ensure the sample is properly prepared for analysis. Thermally sensitive samples can be injected directly into the column and volatilized by slowly increasing the column temperature.
Two primary injection methods are used...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Chromatographic Fingerprinting by Template Matching for Data Collected by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: September 2, 2020

Data reduction in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for rapid and repeatable automated data analysis.

Paul McA Harvey¹, Robert A Shellie

¹Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, 7001 Australia.

Analytical Chemistry

|July 14, 2012

Summary

A new automated method rapidly analyzes two-dimensional gas chromatography data for environmental monitoring. This approach quantifies total petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical classes in contaminated soil samples efficiently.

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Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

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Published on: March 6, 2016

Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Chromatography

Background:

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) generates complex data requiring robust analysis.
Accurate environmental metrics like total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration and chemical-class distribution are crucial for site assessment.
Existing methods for GC×GC data analysis can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a rapid, automated approach for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic (GC×GC) data analysis.
To provide key environmental metrics, including total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration and chemical-class distribution.
To demonstrate the approach's utility for analyzing contaminated environmental samples.

Main Methods:

Data transformation into two-dimensional retention time arrays.
Automated blank subtraction, alignment, and projection onto new axes.
Subdivision of the aligned data matrix and compilation of summary data for unsupervised batch analysis.

Main Results:

The developed approach enables rapid, automated batch analysis of GC×GC data.
The method achieves high repeatability and traceability, crucial for environmental monitoring.
Successful application to assess TPH contamination in soil samples from Macquarie Island.

Conclusions:

The automated GC×GC data analysis strategy offers a significant advancement for environmental monitoring.
This approach provides essential environmental metrics efficiently and reliably.
The method is particularly valuable for analyzing samples from remote locations, such as Macquarie Island.