Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 20, 2026
Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
Published on: January 18, 2021
A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy
Eric Malbos1, Ronald M Rapee, Manolya Kavakli
1Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. eric.malbos@gmail.com
Objectives:
Past controlled clinical trials centred on virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for agoraphobia mostly used multicomponent therapy with success. However, the present paper aimed to evaluate the independent effect of VRET for agoraphobia.
Methods:
A controlled study involving 18 agoraphobic participants assigned to two groups: VRET only and VRET with cognitive therapy. Nine specific virtual environments were developed using an affordable game level editor.
Results:
Questionnaires, behavioural tests and physiological measures indicated a positive effect of VRET. Correlations supported the predictive value of presence towards treatment outcome. The addition of cognitive therapy did not provide significant additional benefit.
Conclusions:
Overall, the isolated effects of VRET did not seem to be significantly less than the effects of VRET combined with cognitive therapy. Future research should explore the use of other components in addition to cognitive therapy and VRET for agoraphobia as well as its possible use in patients' homes.
