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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Bonds02:40

Chemical Bonds


Atoms participate in a chemical bond formation to acquire a completed valence-shell electron configuration similar to that of the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number. Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds are some of the important types of chemical bonds. Bond energy and bond length determine the strength of a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds
An ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. Often, the ions are formed by the transfer of electrons from...
Introduction to Chemical Bonds01:01

Introduction to Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
The electrons of the outermost energy level determine the energetic stability of the atom and its tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms. The innermost electron shell has a maximum capacity of two electrons, but the next two electron shells can each have a maximum of eight electrons. This is known as the octet rule, which states that, with the exception of the innermost shell, atoms are most stable energetically when they have eight electrons in their valence shell, the...
Molecular Orbital Theory I02:35

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Valence Bond Theory02:45

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory
Ions, Molecules, and Compounds01:23

Ions, Molecules, and Compounds

Ions - When an atom participates in a chemical reaction that results in the donation or acceptance of one or more electrons, the atom becomes positively or negatively charged. This frequently happens for most atoms to have a full valence shell. This can happen either by gaining electrons to fill a shell that is more than half-full or by giving away electrons to empty a shell that is less than half-full, thereby leaving the next smaller electron shell as the new, full valence shell. An atom with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Ion chemistry in space.

M Larsson1, W D Geppert, G Nyman

  • 1Department of Physics, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden. mats.larsson@fysik.su.se

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|July 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interstellar gas-phase chemistry is driven by ion reactions, leading to complex molecule formation. The discovery of molecular anions expands our understanding of space chemistry beyond positive ions.

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Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
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Published on: March 1, 2020

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
07:53

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Published on: March 1, 2020

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;
06:53

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Published on: July 27, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Astrochemistry
  • Space Physics
  • Chemical Kinetics

Background:

  • Ions are prevalent in extraterrestrial space.
  • Ion-molecule reactions are crucial for interstellar molecule formation.
  • Previously, only positive ions were known in space.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review gas-phase ion-driven chemistry in space.
  • To cover the observation, distribution, and reactions of both positive and negative ions.
  • To discuss laboratory and theoretical methods for studying space ions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of observational data from space missions (Cassini-Huygens, Herschel).
  • Analysis of laboratory experiments on ion-molecule reactions.
  • Summary of theoretical calculations for ion properties and reactions.

Main Results:

  • Ions, including newly discovered anions, play a significant role in interstellar chemistry.
  • Ion-molecule reactions facilitate the formation of complex molecules in space.
  • Recent space missions provide valuable data on ion distributions and chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • Ion-molecule reactions are fundamental to understanding interstellar chemistry.
  • The discovery of anions broadens the scope of known extraterrestrial chemical processes.
  • Continued research combining space observations and laboratory studies is vital.