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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s,...
The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule03:02

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and continuing across the periods of the periodic table, we add one proton at a time to the nucleus and one electron to the proper subshell until we have described the electron configurations of all the elements. This procedure is called the aufbau principle, from the German word aufbau (“to build up”). Each added electron occupies the subshell of...

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Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment
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Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

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Binary and ternary atomic layers built from carbon, boron, and nitrogen.

Li Song1, Zheng Liu, Arava Leela Mohana Reddy

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|July 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review explores two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). It covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of B-C-N atomic layers and graphene/h-BN stacks.

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Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment
09:25

Fabricating van der Waals Heterostructures with Precise Rotational Alignment

Published on: July 5, 2019

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature
10:44

Preparation of Carbon Nanosheets at Room Temperature

Published on: March 8, 2016

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations
13:56

Probe Type II Band Alignment in One-Dimensional Van Der Waals Heterostructures Using First-Principles Calculations

Published on: October 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers, exemplified by graphene, offer unique scientific and application potential.
  • Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and dichalcogenides are 2D materials complementing graphene.
  • Doping graphene with boron (B) and nitrogen (N) creates novel layered structures with tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthesis, characterization, and properties of atomically thin layers containing B, C, and N.
  • To discuss vertically assembled graphene/h-BN stacks.
  • To explore the electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of these materials and their hybrid structures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of synthesis techniques for 2D B-C-N materials.
  • Characterization of B-C-N atomic layers and graphene/h-BN stacks.
  • Analysis of experimental and theoretical studies on material properties.

Main Results:

  • Identification of stable phases in the B-C-N three-component phase diagram.
  • Demonstration of van der Waals heterostructures engineered from C and BN layers.
  • Comprehensive discussion of electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene, h-BN, and their hybrids.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically thin B-C-N layers and graphene/h-BN stacks represent promising materials for advanced applications.
  • The tunable properties of these 2D materials enable novel device functionalities.
  • Further research into synthesis and characterization will unlock their full potential.