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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Asthma I: Introduction01:28

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Asthma-I: Introduction01:29

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
08:47

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber

Published on: March 3, 2023

Chapter 1: an overview of allergens.

Rachna Shah, Leslie C Grammer

    Allergy and Asthma Proceedings
    |July 17, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Allergens, often proteins, trigger immune responses based on exposure route. Common allergens like pollen and pet dander cause various allergic reactions, from respiratory issues to skin reactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Environmental Health

    Background:

    • Allergens are typically proteins or glycoproteins, though other substances can also elicit allergic reactions.
    • Common environmental allergens include pollens, fungal spores, house-dust mites, and animal dander.
    • The route of allergen exposure significantly influences the type of allergic response observed.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the nature of allergens and their role in triggering allergic responses.
    • To discuss how different exposure routes lead to varied clinical manifestations of allergy.
    • To highlight specific characteristics of common allergens like pollen and animal dander.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of allergen composition and properties.
    • Analysis of the relationship between allergen characteristics (e.g., size, source) and allergic outcomes.

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    Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
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  • Examination of the immunological mechanisms underlying allergic reactions.

    • Main Results:

    • Allergen size impacts clinical presentation; larger pollen particles cause rhinoconjunctivitis, while smaller particles (<7 μm) can lead to asthma.
    • Animal allergens, such as Fel d 1 (cats) and Can f 1 (dogs), are found in various bodily secretions and dander.
    • Cat allergen (Fel d 1) is persistent in the environment, remaining airborne and adhering to surfaces for extended periods.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding allergen properties and exposure routes is crucial for managing allergic diseases.
    • Environmental factors and specific allergen characteristics play a significant role in allergy development and severity.
    • Pet allergens, particularly from cats and dogs, are ubiquitous and can persist long after the animal's removal.