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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells
13:20

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

Published on: July 29, 2010

Acetylation modulates the STAT signaling code.

Martin Wieczorek1, Torsten Ginter, Peter Brand

  • 1Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.

Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
|July 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are regulated by lysine acetylation, a key posttranslational modification. This acetylation impacts cellular responses, influencing growth, immunity, and disease.

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A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
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A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

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Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
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Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells
13:20

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to Assay Dynamic Histone Modification in Activated Gene Expression in Human Cells

Published on: July 29, 2010

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli
11:08

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

Published on: December 9, 2017

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization
12:11

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are crucial transcription factors involved in cytokine signaling.
  • Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) critically regulate protein function and interactions.
  • Lysine acetylation is an emerging PTM that significantly impacts STAT protein activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of STAT acetylation and its role in cellular cytokine responses.
  • To summarize recent findings on the impact of STAT acetylation on various biological processes.
  • To discuss therapeutic targeting of STAT acetylation and its evolutionary significance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on STAT acetylation.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms by which acetylation modulates STAT function.
  • Comparative analysis of STAT acetylation with other acetylation-dependent regulatory systems.

Main Results:

  • STAT acetylation influences cell growth, apoptosis, innate immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
  • Acetylation can modulate other PTMs, contributing to complex STAT signaling codes.
  • STAT acetylation is a targetable mechanism with potential therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

  • STAT acetylation is a critical regulator of cellular cytokine responses, akin to the 'histone code'.
  • Understanding STAT acetylation provides insights into diverse biological processes and diseases.
  • Targeting STAT acetylation offers a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention.